Essay Sample on Diabetes Mellitus

Types and Symptoms

Diabetes mellitus which is abbreviated as DM consists of a group of metabolic conditions whose primary characteristic is hyperglycemia, which constitutes the mal-absorption of glucose into the bloodstream for use in energy production for the body. The variations in DM depend on the causes as well as the progression of the condition within the body of the patient. As indicated, the underlying symptom for all the case of DM is hyperglycemia (Baynest, 2015).

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Some of the categories of DM include the first group that is the type 1 diabetes mellitus. The features of Diabetes Mellitus type 1 that separates the condition from other manifestations of diabetes are the complete absence of insulin for the patient. Ultimately the patient suffers from hyperglycemia because of the absence of the enzyme that aids in the absorption and utility of glucose in the body. A separate form of DM that is related to T1DM is type 2 diabetes mellitus (Baynest, 2015). Similar to type one diabetes mellitus, the outcomes of the condition result from the absence of insulin in the body. The only difference is that unlike diabetes mellitus type 1, the manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the outcome of insulin resistance in the body. The outcome as indicated is the poor absorption of glucose into the blood system which causes the additional diabetes symptoms for the patient.

Apart from the two primary forms of DM, which include the T1DM and the T2DM, other forms of DM relate to the manifestation process including the condition of the patient (Baynest, 2015). An illustration is the gestational diabetes mellitus. From the name of the condition it is clear that the condition is isolated to women with the effects occurring during pregnancy. Additional instances of manifesting gestational diabetes include the events of pre-eclampsia, along with neonatal hypoglycemia and fetal abnormality. All the manifestations are restricted to women in different stages of pregnancy.

A separate form of DM is the form that results from the genetic defects of the b-cell function. The onset of the condition is in the young with implications that reflect the maturity onset of the condition. Additional manifestations of DM include endocrinopathies, along with pancreatic disease and drugs related to diabetes mellitus. The conditions all result from the associated medical indications that include the manifestations as well as the causes of the condition for the patient.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Implications and Treatment

In all the manifestations of diabetes, type 2 diabetes represents a form whose prevalence has reached the status of a global pandemic. The global communities are thus working towards increasing not only the measures of managing the condition but also increasing awareness (Chew, 2004). The members of the population ought to understand the implications of T2DM in addition to the available modes of management that include lifestyle changes for the patients. T2DM, therefore, represents a condition of importance to medical care and practice. The disease is managed through a combination of lifestyle changes, dietary along with nutritional measures, in addition to pharmacological consideration.

Pharmacological interventions for T2DM include an array of medications that play varying roles in the body to manage the symptoms of the condition. The components, as well as the representative agents in the medications, resulting in the action of the drugs in the body of the patient. Additionally, the components, as well as their modes of excretion, contribute to the possible side effects that the patient may experience from the medications (Chaudhury et al., 2017). One class of medications for the pharmacological intervention is the Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV) inhibitor (o) (Chaudhury et al., 2017). The representative agents in the medication include Sitagliptin along with the agents of Saxagliptin, Vidagliptin, Linagliptin, and Alogliptin. The mechanism of action for the agents contained in the medication includes the inhibition of the degradation of GLP component (Chaudhury et al., 2017). Following their action in the body, the agents that form the drug components are excreted through the kidneys. The exception is the linagliptin, whose effect on the kidneys, which includes renal failure, causes the need for dose reduction. Other effects of the drug in different systems of the body include cardiovascular risk in addition to the decreases postprandial lipemia. It may also cause CHF by degradation of BNP, along with Pancreatitis and an increased risk in Upper RTI infection (Chaudhury et al., 2017).

Considering the long-term effects of the drug, the management of diabetes mellitus is best achieved through lifestyle changes. The physicians can advise the patients on various forms of lifestyle changes that include a revision of their dietary consideration, in addition to the inclusion of exercise protocols in the lives of the patients (Shobana et al., 2005). Optimal outcomes in the management of the condition result through a combination of therapies (Stubbs, Levy & Dhatariya, 2017). The patients achieve ultimate success in their management plans, in addition to the outcomes of the therapies when they combine the lifestyle changes of diets and exercise with pharmacological interventions.

References

Baynest, H. W. (2015). Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, Baynes J Diabetes Metab 2015, 6:5 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000541

Chaudhury, A. et al, (2017). Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) v.8; 2017PMC5256065

Chew, L. D. (2004). The impact of low health literacy on diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Voice 49: 30-32.

Shobana, R., Augustine, C., Ramachandran, A. & Vijay, V. (2005), Improving psychosocial care: The Indian experience. Diabetes Voice 50: 19-21.

Stubbs, D. J., Levy, N. & Dhatariya, K. (2017). Diabetes medication pharmacology. BJA Education, 17 (6): 198-207 (2017)