Analysis of Drug Design and Development Process - Paper Example

In the recent time, there has been an alarming increased interest in scientific ways of making the drug. These technological advancements take advantages of certain inherent growth and administrative of drugs. One key advantage is that it offers easy delivery of drugs to the patients. One key issue is that most drugs are not made in a structured format (Sun, H. and Scott, 2010, p. 3-17). It is noted that drugs are a chemical and biological substance that poses some psychological and biological effects in the body. They may be single components or a mixture of different components. Most drug effects are mostly intended to be beneficial to the users but at some point can course harm to the user (Walsh and Creamer, 2011, p. 130). The paper discusses several ways of drug design, production, and techniques.

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Drug design is a process of finding new medication based on the knowledge of biological targets. The design in a common organic and small molecules that is attractive and biological molecules such as protein. Drug design involves designing the molecules that complement the shape and charge to biomolecules with which they interact and bind to it. The process as shown in the article does not entirely depend on the computer modeling techniques. The process that depends on a computer model is always known as computer aided design (Breathnach, 2010, p. 167). It is also noted that drug design that relies on the knowledge of the three-dimension structure of the biomolecules target is called structured based design. Moreover, small molecules are always therapied to the affinity of selectively and stability of all the protein-based drugs.

The article presents two types of drug design which we are only going to explore the structured based drug design. The structured based drugs are the most fundamental design to use in drug formation. A review done in this article stated the combination of chemistry and structured based design can lead to a strong synthesis of focused libraries. It is also imperative to note that structure-based design leads to a direct discovery of a drug which is not always a final drug product but a compound of several drugs (Cui, et al. 2010, p. 66). From the article, the time dedicated to the process is just a representation of a fraction of the total in the development of a marketable drug product. It is also noted that many years needs to be dedicated to convert the whole design to an effective process of the drug composite. The research will bring the drug through a clinical product to a final drug product that can be used.

The structure-based design is an iterative process and always proceed multiple cycles before the final product goes to a clinic for trial. The cycle includes cloning; purification of drug determines the target protein or the nucleic acid. It followed three principle methods. The first step is X-ray crystallography, NMR, or homology modeling. This process uses a computer algorithm, picking compound from the database and are positioned into selected region of the structure (Giacomini et, al. 2010, p. 236)

Drug Development Process

Drug development process is the process of bringing a new type of drug. This makes market one lead in administrating drugs to patients. Most of the compound are identified through the process of discovery. The process includes pre-clinical research, on the organism that forms a larger composition of the drugs.

Pre-clinical

It is also called the pre-clinical studies. This is a stage of research that begins just before the clinical trials (which means testing of human beings). The process can begin during the feasibility, iterative of data collection is being performed (Kaitin, 2010, p.356). The primary objective of this stage is to determine the safe dose for the person to use the drug. Is also perform an assessment to the drugs safely profile. The products normally include devices, drugs, therapy solutions and a comprehensive diagnosis. The results show that on average, only 5000 compound enters the stage of pre-clinical development.

There are several types of pre-clinical development. The types include pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological testing. The data collected at this part allows the researcher.

Medical devices that do not have any drug attached to it should not undergo the process and test and may, as a result, go directly to the laboratory for practice. It is noted that some medical devices will undergo a compatibility testing a process that will help to show whether a component is suitable for use in the model (Criado and Santi, 2012). The most pre-clinical process should follow GLP guideline which is acceptable for submission to the regulatory authority.

Discovery

Any Drug development must go through several Process.

The first stage is being the target identification. Choosing the biochemical condition means. The disease condition is very severe. The process involves drug candidate who is discovered, and their biotechnology interaction is tested. This gives their interaction level. Any target that hits 5000-10000 is subjected to a rigorous screening process which includes functional genomics and other screening methods (Park, et al. 2011, p.292). Once all the scientist confirms interaction with the target, they validate the target by checking for an active virus for the disease condition for the drug being developed. After a series of review, an extra compound is chosen (Law, 2012). The second process is product actualization. This takes place when the candidate shows progress on therapeutic. It characterizes the molecule size, the shape, and the weakness depicted by the drug. This also gives a preferred condition for maintaining toxic availability and activity.

The study undergoes analytical method and development validation. Early stages of pharmacology help to understand the mechanism of the action of the compound.

A successful discovery process leads us to another stage known as Vitro and Vivo test. This test enables setting of requirements of the drug for drugs in different laboratories just to ensure that the drug is fit for use by the patients (Park 2010, et al. 2010, p.306). The test carried has an important reason which is a revelation of the toxic present in the drug (Silverman and Holladay, 2014, p. 306). The results also reveal the drug can be used to treat specific disease in human.

Understanding Drug Action, Drug Metabolism, and Drug Reaction

Drug interaction is a situation in which drug or a substance affect the activities of a given drug when administered simultaneously. The action may be synergic this is especially when the effect is antagonistic to the patience. The typical interaction in most cases comes in mind without any action. A particular drug may also react with food substance (Silverman and Hollada, 2014). People taking a certain type of drug should not take certain kinds of food. For instance, those who are taking antidepressant should not take food containing tyramine. The interaction may occur when some get an accident or because of lack of knowledge (Wilson, and Tang, 2014, p. 1091).

Drug metabolism occurs in different ways. This might be through oxidation, reduction, and even analysis. The enzymes are involved in the metabolism of the drug. It takes place in the tissues but more concentrated in the liver. The rate of metabolism varies from one patient to another. Some patients metabolize a drug more quickly than others (Law and Knox, 2014, p. 42). This is done when the rate of concentration is not reached. In other metabolic may be very slow and does not contain toxic effects. The metabolic rate of an individual is influenced by the genetic composition of the individual.

Drug action is the action of a drug in the human body. This action is also referred to us as pharmacodynamics. When the drug enters the human body, the action the body performs with the drug is called pharmacokinetics. A drug that enters the body tends to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, and enzymes or even transport proteins. As a result, the action results to action course human body to react in a certain way.

References

Walsh, S.A. and Creamer, D., 2011. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a clinical update and review of current thinking. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 36(1), pp.6-11.

Breathnach, S.M., 2010. Drug reactions. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Eighth Edition, pp.1-177.

Criado, P.R., Avancini, J., Santi, C.G., Medrado, A.T., Rodrigues, C.E. and de Carvalho, J.F., 2012. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a complex interaction of drugs, viruses and the immune system. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ, 14(9), Pp.577-582.

Law, V., Knox, C., Djoumbou, Y., Jewison, T., Guo, A.C., Liu, Y., Maciejewski, A., Arndt, D.,

Wilson, M., Neveu, V. and Tang, A., 2014. DrugBank 4.0: shedding new light on drug metabolism. Nucleic acids research, 42(D1), pp.D1091-D1097.

Sun, H. and Scott, D.O., 2010. Structurebased drug metabolism predictions for drug design. Chemical biology & drug design, 75(1), pp.3-17.

Silverman, R.B. and Holladay, M.W., 2014. The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action. Academic press.

Cui, J.J., Tran-Dube, M., Shen, H., Nambu, M., Kung, P.P., Pairish, M., Jia, L., Meng, J., Funk, L., Botrous, I. and McTigue, M., 2011. Structure based drug design of crizotinib (PF-02341066), A potent and selective dual inhibitor of mesenchymalepithelial transition factor (c-MET) kinase and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Journal of medicinal chemistry, 54(18), pp.66.

Kaitin, K.I., 2010. Deconstructing the drug development process: the new face of innovation. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 87(3), p.356.

Park, B.K., Boobis, A., Clarke, S., Goldring, C.E., Jones, D., Kenna, J.G., Lambert, C., Laverty, H.G., Naisbitt, D.J., Nelson, S. and Nicoll-Griffith, D.A., 2011. Managing the challenge of chemically reactive metabolites in drug development. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 10(4), pp.292-306.

Giacomini, K.M., Huang, S.M., Tweedie, D.J., Benet, L.Z., Brouwer, K.L., Chu, X., Dahlin, A., Evers, R., Fischer, V., Hillgren, K.M. and Hoffmaster, K.A., 2010. Membrane transporters in drug development. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 9(3), pp.215-236.