CFA Batteries: Ensuring Excavation Stability and Minimizing Space Issues - Essay Sample

Introduction

The method used to build batteries should ensure search stability at all times. CFA batteries should regularly safeguard the stability of the excavation. The use of CFA batteries can be avoided because there is not enough space available on and off-site to park concrete during battery construction. Instead, cells may prefer to be drilled in situ, while the casing, from the existing (probable) level, extends to the bottom of the coffin. (A CFA dust cover is also required to fill the "gap" between the subsoil and the factory). In the previous proposals, it is assumed that the accumulation is carried out from the ground, to avoid the difficulties associated with the installation of a platform in the existing cellar on the ground. The existing floor slab must be fully supported before the start of stacking operations. Given the critical nature of the obstruction work stability, engineering design for a temporary obstruction should be performed. The elimination of emergency battery construction should be carefully planned as there is not enough space for the research files to be available on the site.

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Basement Waterproofing

Drilling of near-site BGS files reveals a generally consistent terrain sequence predicted by the BGS mapping to the area. The result was also the case in both research forums. It turned out to be brown clay and was gravel only under the top floor. No groundwater was found during the survey. However, groundwater observations are influenced by soil permeability, rate of progression of the exploration hole, and the particular technique used (CivilDigital, 2019). The general methods used do not allow accurate measurement of groundwater conditions, but merely provide an overview of the general situation. Fluctuations in an aquifer are caused by seasonal or climatic influences, as well as by other external influences. In particular, the level of groundwater in a small-diameter well may also underestimate its importance in a large well.

In underground construction situations, waterproofing systems should be applied indoors. The walls can rarely be exposed to allow external positioning of the system, and in the rare cases where it is possible, it is usually impossible to mount the membrane under the structure. For this reason, only the systems applied internally in this document are taken into account.

There are several generic sealing systems, but most of them cannot be applied internally, except for a base layer, for example. Ex. Like an inner brick or block wall keeping them in place. Although this has been done many times in the past, it takes up a lot of space and is not cheap compared to systems that do not require a charge. With a better understanding of fully threaded internal systems and the appearance of cavity drainage membranes, "loaded" systems tend to challenge systems that are downgraded in upgrade situations (Rekiek et al., 2002). The three systems that do not require a charge layer are the concrete coating, the multilayer coating, and the cavity drainage membrane.

Cementitious Coatings

Cement coatings are premixed compounds that contain cement, graduated aggregates, and chemical additives. They are provided in the form of a powder to be mixed in place with water and applied with a brush, paddle or sprayer to form a coating having a thickness of between 1 mm and 3 mm (Epp Concrete, 2019). They can be applied directly to a clay substrate or a substrate treatment layer previously applied. They can be modified with polymers to improve adhesion, elasticity, and flexibility (Epp Concrete, 2019). They are used to seal water retention structures or through an external or internal reservoir and seal cracks in concrete structures.

Cement coatings have no structural integrity and depend on the strength of the substrate to hold it in place. The cement coatings can be applied directly to the concrete, creating a sealing system. In masonry, it is usually necessary to apply a layer of plaster, except in exceptional cases, for example, when the soil is new.

Multi-Coat Renders

They are cement plaster and modified masses with chemical additives. Modified mortars are applied with conventional brushing or multilayer techniques. Mortars are usually sold in batches and add the chemical additive to the mixing water (Epp Concrete, 2019). The number of stages of gypsum and the final thickness depends on the verifiable conditions and are specified by the manufacturer of the corresponding material. They are used to seal wineries or water retention structures through an external or internal reservoir.

The multilayer molds and the cement coating can be applied under very humid conditions. In case of flood during the application, accelerators and packing weights can be used to facilitate the application of materials (Epp Concrete, 2019). As with cement coating, multilayer coatings rely on the strength of the substrate to hold them in place and function effectively.

Cavity Drain Membranes

High-Density Polyethylene (HOPE) laminates are vacuum formed to create domes which, when the board is connected to the walls or the floor, form a space between the film and the substrate. All the water that escapes through the structure is channeled through the cavity into pre-formed drains or wells (Epp Concrete, 2019). This water can be drained naturally or pumped. The refinement of the membrane may be accomplished by applying a suitable gypsum system or by dry coating.

The use of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs for roofing is one of the most common materials for use in industrial roof structures. Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most reliable roofing components and therefore are essential for both industrial and civil constructions (Tabakov, Vereschaka and Vereschaka, 2017, 158). Also industrial buildings can be constructed with the precast concrete blocks for the walls which adds more insulation to the assembly plant.

Calculating the load on a flat roof is a difficult task for the layman, where he knows the building materials, their weight, and the local building codes. The British Standard Guide lists the weights and strains of all building materials in kilograms of Newton per square meter. Also, load factors for natural load factors, such as wind, rain, and snow, are detailed (Lu, Yuan, Huang, Shu, and Li, 2017, 24). Check the local building codes for these values as they are very regional and climate-related.

The use of prefabricated concrete roofs, however, entails additional initial costs for the installation. Sloping roofs with buttresses are less expensive in the long run (Martinelli and Mulas, 2010, 1127). Although it is necessary to shade the windows to reduce the heat in a plant, it is also necessary to make sure the assembly plant has all the windows, skylights, etc. They should also be clean and in the best position to allow daylight at work. The ceiling skylights allow much more light than low windows, often blocked by materials, raw materials, etc.

Live loads on the roof can affect the structural integrity. Live loads include materials such as snow, rain water, ice and wind (Lu, Yuan, Huang, Shu, and Li, 2017, 24). Allocating trusses on the roof can assist with load bearing capacity. One of the recommendations for the use on roof support is the use of the North light truss. The North light truss is traditionally used for short widths in industrial buildings. Maximize the benefits of natural lighting using glass in the more pronounced field, usually facing north or northeast to reduce solar radiation. In the most pronounced part of the armature, it is common for the armor to be perpendicular to the Northern light shielding plane to provide sufficient space in the spine.

Fig 1: North Light Truss

Using northern lights to increase natural light can reduce buildings' carbon emissions, but we need to study their effects using dynamic thermal models. Although North light can reduce the need for artificial lighting and the risk of overheating, increasing the volume of the building may also increase the need for ambient heating during the cold seasons.

References

CivilDigital. (2019). Basement Waterproofing Techniques | Procedure | Internal and External | CivilDigital |. [online] Available at: https://civildigital.com/basement-waterproofing-techniques-procedure-internal-external/ [Accessed 23 Jun. 2019].

Lu, L., Yuan, G., Huang, Z., Shu, Q. and Li, Q., 2017. Performance-based analysis of large steel truss roof structure in fire. Fire Safety Journal, 93, pp.21-38.

Martinelli, P. and Mulas, M. (2010). An innovative passive control technique for industrial precast frames. Engineering Structures, 32(4), pp.1123-1132.

Rekiek, B., Delchambre, A., Dolgui, A. and Bratcu, A. (2002). ASSEMBLY LINE DESIGN: A SURVEY. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 35(1), pp.155-166.

Tabakov, V., Vereschaka, A. and Vereschaka, A. (2017). Multilayer composition coatings for cutting tools: formation and performance properties. Mechanics & Industry, 18(7), p.706.

Epp Concrete. (2019). Types of Basement Construction - Epp Concrete. [online] Available at: https://www.eppconcrete.com/types-of-basement-construction/ [Accessed 23 Jun. 2019].