Impacts of Technology on Criminal Justice With Annotated Bibliography - Paper Sample

Thesis Statement: The changing nature of the offenses and pertinent laws necessitate digital technologies that respond not only to the individual needs of the offenders, victims, law enforcement agencies but also increases efficiency in the entire system of justice dispensation. Various technologies including telephony, automobiles, weaponry, and criminal database management and computer applications enhance the effectiveness of justice systems. Computer and cellular innovations have progressively improved the efficiency of data processing, information dissemination, and communication within and across agencies.

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A brief Introduction

Criminal justice is an ever-changing field as influenced by the evolving nature of crime and legislations established to address emerging concerns. Within the principles of criminal justice, there is a fundamental need to protect the victims of crime, perpetrators of crime and personnel entitled to dispense justice. All parties involved in addressing the issues of crime require adequate protections. Due to the active and potential changes in criminal acts and counteractive mechanisms, new techniques, advances, and technology are necessary. Through the institutionalization of advanced technologies in criminal justice to enable stakeholders within the vast realm of criminal justice including police officers, judges, lawyers, suspected offenders, and victims to use, understand, and benefit from the newest technology. The precision, accuracy, and pervasiveness of technology increase the confidence of the public in the existing justice system. There is a simultaneous evolution of technologies as the current criminal justice system. Various technologies are being used currently to aid the activities of the criminal jurisprudence, and ongoing research is undertaken to explore new advances. The society now mostly depends on the internet and computer assisted mechanisms of communication thus enabling the law enforcement institutions to establish proactive tools for digital crime investigations.

The progress in criminal justice technologies forms a pivotal role in aiding the activities of the law enforcers and victim services providers in fostering public safety and guaranteeing necessary lifesaving assistance to the victims of different kinds of crime. Research and various schools of thought concur with the fact that availability of innovative technology equipment reduces the time used in the processing of cases, assessment, and mining of various crime details, and notifying all parties involved in the criminal justice process. This project assesses the various computer technologies that have a potential of transforming the nature of crime detection, investigation, abatement and prosecution. Moreover, it analyses the benefits that crime redress institutions draw from the development and dispatch of relevant computer technologies.

Impacts of technology on criminal justice

The use of technology is pervasive in every aspect of the criminal justice system today

Visual and multimedia digital technologies are used by lawyers and have positive impacts on the activities of judges, juries, and the larger public

Technology is significant in criminals detection, identification of their concealed activities.

Considerations for technology use in criminal justice processes

Technology in criminal justice requires proactive review of various theoretical principles, analytical techniques, and intelligence sharing and organizational structures for efficient crime mapping for policing and crime reduction.

The police expertise must be developed adequately to ensure the active uptake of innovations used in criminal justice.

Technologies deployed for use in police operations must address emerging challenges to criminal justice situations in the current century

III. Existing and future trends in computer technology use in criminal justice

There is a progressive integration of information technology innovation in the criminal justice

Traditionally, jurisprudence did not accept digital information as evidence, but various advancements in probing the data have been imposed to determine their admissibility

Annotated Bibliography

The following resources will be used in developing and supporting discussions on the current and future relationships between technological developments and criminal justice procedures,

Moriarty, Laura J. (2005). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century. 2d ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

This book is an edited volume, which provides approachable reviews and research on the use of technology in every aspect of the criminal justice system as elucidated by various authors in that field. It provides a comprehensive overview of not only techniques used by law enforcers but also those that are employed within correctional facilities and by criminal justice educators as well. It also exemplifies some of the technologies that show a potential of facilitating both the actual and digital forensic investigation. It asserts the fact that crime detection is a primary step towards ensuring a sustainable justice system. The reliability of crime detection provides location and destruction of criminal plans before the perpetrators execute them.

Virtually every aspect of crime detection in the 21st century uses computer-related approaches. One of the primary reasons for the increasing embrace of computer technologies in crime detection is its processing, accuracy, and verifiability. Crime detection influences the effective sharing of intelligence information and subsequent deployment of necessary resources to address issues of security concerns. Since the advent of the 20th century, important revolutions in locating critical areas of crime to match the changing nature of offenses have been developed. This literature will be important to this project as it provides the progress in the automation of criminal justice systems, their feasibility, and shortcomings.

Feigenson, Neal, and Christina Spiesel. 2009. Law on Display: The digital transformation of legal persuasion and judgment. New York: New York Univ. Press.

This book provides a very robust discussion on the use of visual and multimedia digital technologies by lawyers and their effect on judges, juries, and the larger public as a whole. In particular, they consider how the implementation of visual media influences the presentation of evidence and the value of virtual courts and telecommunications to engender the legal process using actual trials as case examples.

The nature of crime detection frameworks and applications put in place largely influence the deployment of resources to criminal justice situations in the current century. The use of computer technology in crime detection within police units results to the centralization of intelligence information and joint police operations. Within the ambit of this project, existing information in the literature will be used to explore different crime detection technologies that are available and the potential ones.

Nath, S. V. (2006, December). Crime pattern detection using data mining. In Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Workshops, 2006. WI-IAT 2006 Workshops. 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on criminal justice (pp. 41-44). IEEE.

This workshop report affirms the perspectives of various scholars concerning the significance of criminals detection, identification of their concealed activities and implications of such activities on criminal justice. One of the technologies discussed in the report are AFIS, which presents the criminal investigation agencies with an active process through which they detect criminal elements. The method works by allowing the performance of a countercheck of actual suspected persons information with those stored electronically within the databases of criminal departments. Any matches determined therein would point to the individual as a primary suspect. Various police agencies use and deploy unique systems that use matching algorithms to foster certainty in linking people to specific cases of alleged crime.

Ghazali, K. & Jadin, M. (2014). Detection Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Emplacement Using Infrared Image. 2014 Uksim-AMSS 16Th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation. doi:10.1109/uksim.2014.111

The paper provides one of the innovative approaches applicable in detecting improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The innovation widely discussed here used infrared thermography technology (IRT) as its baseline. Through the system, it is possible for IEDs to be detected automatically even in the absence of an officer operating the equipment. Integrating the advantages that IRT presents with those that of the image processing techniques, it becomes active to detect concealed IEDs. The decision process is defined by filtration and segmentation of captured information to extract the heat patterns associated with explosives. The experimental results of this paper accounted for 92 % accuracy of IRT use in crime detection.

Most of the criminal acts are aided by the utilization of either weapon of mass destruction or assault weapons. The more the weapons involved in the planning of crimes, the higher the potential magnitude of associated damage. Therefore, the use of technology in the detection of concealed weapons is important in identifying people carrying hidden dangerous weapons. Using IRT as a case example, I will illustrate the potential of technologies in weapon search and detection of criminals through the natural emissions without necessarily requiring a physical search.

Douglas, J., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (2013). Crime Classification Manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. John Wiley & Sons.

The content, order, and language in this manual inform the criminal justice discourses and people involved in the entire process of criminal jurisprudence. Based on its explicitness, the manual improves intelligence gathering processes and protection of the society from criminal elements. Its co-authorship by a pioneer of modern profiling adds to its academic soundness. The manual presents various cases of wrongful convictions and false testimonies in case hearings. It widens the scope of crime detection, investigation, and prosecutions as dictated by emerging trends such as globalization. The fundamental aspect of the document is that it addresses the implications that are ever changing technology has on the commissioning and detection of crimes. The data presented for cases of arbitrary convictions will provide me an insight into the existing loopholes in evidence gathering that emerging technologies undertake to bridge.

Clavel, C., Ehrette, T., & Richard, G. (2005, July). Events detection for an Audio-based surveillance system. In Multimedia and Expo, 2005. ICME 2005. IEEE International Conference on Criminal Justice (pp. 1306-1309). IEEE.

The paper provides a comprehensive audio-based video surveillance system that offers an automatic detection of unusual audio events in public spaces. It senses screams, gunshots, and localizes the acoustic source thus enabling consequent steering of a video camera. It succinctly describes the technology underlying the system. It uses two parallel GMM classifiers capable of discriminating average screams from just noise and gunshots from screams. Different features selected from conventional and innovative audio features are used to program the sound discriminating ability of the classifiers

The exact location of the acoustic sound source is then estimated by computation of time difference of the audio signal arrival at a microphone array using linear correlation least square alg...