Paper Sample on the Process of Memory

View the following diagram outlining the process of memory, with some processes removed. Using the provided terms, match the letter attached to each term with the corresponding definition.

a. Chunking

b. Maintenance Rehearsal

c. Consolidation

d. Short-Term Memory

e. Elaborative Rehearsal

f. Sensory Registers

g. Encoding

h. Long-Term Memory

Hold information as either icon or echo---F

Transforming information into a storable form----G

Sub-system that retains and processes new information for a short period of time ------D

The process of transforming short-term memories into long-term memories -----C

Sub-system that retains information for long periods of time------ H

The process of breaking down information into smaller pieces----A

The process of repeating information to enhance retention-------B

The process of assigning meaning to information to transfer to long-term memory-----E

Short Answer

Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13. According to Stern, what is her IQ? Conduct research to interpret her score.

According to Dr. Robert J. Sternbergs theories of intelligence, the analytical component intelligence is what is measured in most IQ tests. Therefore, in his opinion, Karas IQ is 90. This is because Kara is 10 years old and at the ages of 10, 11, 12, and 13, ones levels of intelligence is more than those of ages above 17 years due to the fact that adulthood is being initiated. Thus, for Kara, her score is most likely to be high since children with high levels of intelligence are more likely to learn in the school setting comparatively to other peers who have lower scores. With this idea by stern, the relationship between school performance and the IQ scores is given.

Select two theories of intelligence, and write a 175- to 260-word discussion on the components of each theory, as well as how they differ in relation to Spearmans g. Which theory do you find most agreeable? Why?

Intelligence is an issue that for a long time, spurred controversy and debates on how it is defined and utilized. Therefore, various theorists have proposed several theories explaining the nature of intelligence.

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by Robert Sternberg

According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, intelligence is distinguished into three aspects. These include:

Analytical/ Componential Intelligence

According to Stern, this is the kind of intelligence that defines that ability that is assessed by intelligence tests. Usually, under this facet, componential intelligence is the measure of a persons ability to solve academic problems which may include puzzles and analogies. As stern argues, analytical intelligence is a reflection of ones relation to their internal world.

Creative/ Experimental Intelligence

This is ones ability to adapt to new situations and their ability to produce new ideas. This facet includes the ability for one to use knowledge that they already have in innovative ways during different circumstances. In this case, creative intelligence encompasses creative thinking.

Practical/ Contextual Intelligence

This is a persons ability to understand and effectively deal with daily situations.

The Triarchic Theory by Sternberg differs from Spearmans g factor in that according to Stern, human intelligence is defined as the mental activity that is focused towards adaptation, shaping and selection of those real world environments that are relevant to an individuals life while Spearman defines intelligence as the general cognitive ability that could be numerically expressed and measured.

The theory of multiple intelligences by Howard Gardner

Unlike several other theories of intelligence which focus on the analysis of test scores, according to Gardner, peoples abilities are not fully and accurately depicted through the numerical expressions of human intelligence. Conversely, in his theory, Gardner argues that there are eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities. These intelligences are however valued in diverse ways in different cultures.

They include, Visual or spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, verbal-linguistic intelligence, and the naturalistic intelligence.

Like the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by Stern, this theory differs from Spearmans g factor in the fact that, while Spearman described the general intelligence concept as a measurable or the one that has the cognitive ability to be numerically expressed, Gardner, on the other hand believed that Human intelligence is not completely depicted by numerical expressions.

Thus, in my opinion, between the Triarchic Theory and the multiple intelligence theory, I find the Triarchic Theory more agreeable since it discusses three most important components, i.e. the creative, componential and the contextual intelligence which all easily relate to the real world understanding of Human Intelligence.

Learning and Intelligence

Write a 90- to 175-word response to each of the following questions.

Describe the main components of classical conditioning.

The classical conditioning theory discusses how a new behavior is learned via the process of association. This theory has three stages which include:

Before conditioning

Usually the very first stage of classical conditioning. Here, the Unconditional stimulus (UCS) makes the production of an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. Meaning that, a stimulus in the surrounding environment has produced an unlearned response making it an unlearned/natural response. Therefore, in this respect, there is no new behavior that has been learnt yet.

During Conditioning

This is the second stage of classical conditioning. During this stage, a neutral stimulus is associated with the Unconditional Stimulus with which it now becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS).

After Conditioning

After conditioning is the very last component of the classical conditioning. In this stage, the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is associated with the Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) to create a new Conditioned Response (CR).

Describe the main components of operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning. This is a type of associative learning that involves the consequences of responses. In this respect, a favorable consequence leads to a more likely response while an unfavorable consequence makes a less likely response. The components of operant conditioning are such as;

Positive reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement defines the increased response frequency when it is followed by a stimulus that makes an organism to seek out (Appetitive Stimulus).

Negative Reinforcement

An increased response frequency when it is followed by removal of an aversive stimulus.

Punishment

Punishment means a decrease in the response frequency when a punisher or an aversive stimulus follows it.

Extinction

When a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer, it decreases in frequency.

Shaping

When a rewarding behavior approximates a target behavior, in operant conditioning, this is known as shaping (McLeod, 2014).

Describe the different types of long-term memories.

Long term memory is anything that is remembered despite having happened more than a few minutes ago. There are two main types of long term memories. These include;

Explicit/declarative memory

In explicit memory, one requires conscious thought. Usually, this is what most people have in mind when they think of memory. For instance, when you recall who invited you for dinner last night.

Implicit memory (Non-declarative memory)

Usually, this is a type of Long-term memories that is the opposite of explicit memory. This type of memory does not require conscious thought. It is a type of memory that flows effortlessly in ones actions and therefore could be difficult to verbalize (Williams, 2016).

Describe the main theories of intelligence.

General Intelligence Theory

This is the theory by the British psychologist, Charles Spearman. In this theory, Spearman describes the g factor concept. He used the factor analysis technique to examine the mental aptitude tests with which he concluded that Human Intelligence is a general cognitive ability that is numerically measurable.

Primary Mental Abilities

This is a theory by psychologist Louis L. Thurstone. This theory focuses on seven different mental abilities which include: Verbal comprehension, word fluency, spatial visualization, Numerical ability, Associative Memory, Reasoning, and Perceptual speed.

Multiple intelligences

This is a theory by Howard Gardner unlike other theories that focus on test scores of human intelligence, in this theory, Gardner proposed eight distinct intelligences based on skills and abilities.

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

In this theory by Robert Sternberg, intelligence is defined as a mental activity that is directed toward purposive adaptation to real world environments relevant to a persons life. Like Gardner, Sternberg argued that intelligence is broader than a single and general ability. This theory therefore suggests three different factors of successful intelligence. These include, Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and practical intelligence (Cherry, 2016).

Briefly research the open science movement. Describe why it is important, especially in scientific research, and how students and consumers are affected by the current way science research is published and shared.

Open science is the movement that focuses on making scientific data, research and dissemination accessible to each and every level of an inquiring society, whether at an amateur level or a professional level. This is therefore, the greatest benefit that this movement has to the society and to the scientific research industry. The manner in which science research is shared and published in the current day today has great impacts on both students and consumers. For instance, with the current publishing and sharing of scientific research, the data and the information provided is open to many distortions and biases such as corporate and government agendas which are some of the things that have great negative impacts on science research and its consumers.

References

Cherry, K. (2016, June 14). What Are the Different Theories of Intelligence? Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/theories-of-intelligence-2795035

McLeod, S. (2014). Classical Conditioning | Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html

Williams, Y. (2016). Long-Term Memory: Definition, Types & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/long-term-memory-definition-types-examples.html