Research Paper on Cessation of Smoking in Adult Population

Introduction

One of the leading preventable causes of mortality is cigarette smoking, and those who quit, lessen their risk of getting and dying from tobacco-related diseases. Through multivariate analysis, middle-aged persons, women, people who had tried more than one attempt at smoking, more educated persons, and also mostly heavy smokers were more likely to use and succeed at cessation programs (Nagelhout et al., 2015). Although the data shows that those that tried to quit on their own had a 47.5% chance of success, those using cessation programs accounted for 23.6% of the smokers who had successfully stopped. It is conclusive that the cessation program served a small but crucial population cluster that comprises of those more likely to morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-related complications, and also heavy smokers (Nagelhout et al., 2015). Development and implementation of an ethically sound nursing program using pharmacotherapy smoking cessation program intervention will occur, with a focus on the individuality diversity and cultural values, with the help of an interdisciplinary team to accomplish the goal.

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The Importance of Incorporating the Cessation Program

The program has merits of increasing rates of smoking cessation. The quitting stages of the smokers should face consideration, necessitating the physicians repeated contacts over months, to assists the quitters who have a high risk of a relapse. The other merits associated with the program is the rate, at an expectancy of an increase in 4.5% - 5.6% with the patient using nicotine substitute in their program, and a high percentage of variation (50%), when clinical intervention is introduced in the program (Zhu, 2017; Lancaster & Stead, 2017). Considering smoking in the United States of America is the leading cause of preventable mortality, the impact brought about by achievement in such a program when used by clinicians all over the world would be enormous.

The cessation program also aid in avoidance of cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases and mortality cases. Smoking has been observed to cause cardiovascular disease with a mortality hazard ratio of 2.07 for smokers and 1.37 for former smokers in comparison to individuals who just started smoking (Mons, 2015). In the case for respiratory diseases, the smoker had twice the relative risk of mortality (Carter, 2015). The risk of cardiovascular-related and respiratory diseases increased with consumption rate.

If the cessation program among the adults is ignored, it will result in a sizable population of the 70% of smokers who want to quit facing tobacco-related mortality, and subsequently, ignoring the success rate of the vast chunk of smokers who cite that physician's advice was a significant motivator in their quitting (Lancaster & Stead, 2017). The program will significantly reduce the chances of getting bronchogenic carcinoma by 90% and cancer deaths by 30%, and 20%, attributed to effect in the smoking population. Therefore, it can be seen that adherence to the program will ensure that a significant impact will be achieved in the smoking population, and the resultant effect will also have a profound influence to the individual's quality of life, and even to the medical fraternity too.

Smoking Cessation Patient Population and Cultural Influence Affecting the Results

There is a large number of cessation attempts in adults, although very few people succeed. The cessation population in the smoking community comprises about 68.8 % of the smoking community (Stevens et al., 2015). Of these, there is less than a 6.2% rate of success. This means that of a 100 people that are trying to quit, only less than four of them succeed. This program seeks to target the 64 remaining individuals who are willing to stop but fail. In the model, the social influence attributed to the role of the social control and environment that contribute to the behavioral attitudes in smoking and its quitting is one of the contributing factors that determine the impact of the program towards initiating a change in the society.

The most substantial influence on smoker's effect is personal attitudes toward the behavior. Relational collectivism which refers to the extent to which a person is influenced due to relationship towards others in the society is observed to be very crucial towards both influences to smoking and also cessation in the western. On the other hand, group collectivism which refers to the non-specific relationship towards a behavioral trait regarding societies and cultures and the subjective norms attributed to attitudes and norms towards perception by others, contribute heavily to desirability in smoking in western countries (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, it can be seen that cultural and societal factors, as well as individualistic gains, need to be considered in addressing cessation program effectiveness in western countries, and used in achieving increased efficiency.

Proposed Solution towards Cessation of Smoking

It is a primary public health goal to implement smoking cessation successfully. One of the most effective methods that increase the chances of smoker's long-term sobriety is cessation interventions. Additionally, there is still need for the introduction of potential mechanisms which will enhance the programs extended intervention time through positive lifestyle change, reduced cues associated with substance usage, and social influence in their living environment. Arguably this can be done only through incorporating the family members in aiding positive changes (Petty, Meyer & Selvaraj, 2017). In the solution towards the long-term cessation of smoking in the smoking populace, the NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) coupled with involvement by household and family members in encouraging smoke-free homes will be used as the baseline for the proposed solution.

Usage of Pharmacotherapy Smoking Cessation Program Intervention

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is one of the pharmacotherapy methods that has been observed to make the most significant impact in aiding smokers who want to cease. It eases the withdrawal symptoms involved with smoking cessation by the provision of nicotine which is known to contribute to the addictiveness of cigarettes while removing the adverse effects attributed to the additives in the tobacco. The success rate of this method is 50% -80% (Flowers, 2017). The pharmacological nicotine comes in the form of nicotine patches which is transdermal nicotine, nicotine sprays, and nicotine polacrilec gum (Flowers, 2017). Usage of NRT has been shown to increase the long-term success in cessation efforts especially to moderate and heavy smokers (Flowers, 2017). Therefore, an observation can be made to the effect that using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is one of the best methods of cessation, and because of the success rate observed with it through past studies, its usage will occur in the program.

Family Members Interventions

The motivation by family members in achieving sobriety in smoking is one of the most influential factors. Smoker's motivation through spousal /cohabitant influence was shown to be more prone to quitting and abstinence in a long period than those without such motivation (McGeary, 2015; Foulstone, Kelly & Kifle, 2017). The smoker's environment around the family members also play a very crucial role in cessation attempts; successful quitters are those that have put up rules against smoking in their habitats according to previous studies (Buczkowski et al., 2014). Being in daily contact with other smokers increase the likelihood of a relapse in the patient's cessation attempts; similarly, in gradually increasing the time interval between smoking, by abstaining from smoking in their homes resulted in successful quitting (Buczkowski et al., 2014). Therefore, family interventions and observing a no-smoking rule around the house will enhance the smoker's ability to cease smoking.

Integration of Family Members Intervention and Nicotine Replacement Therapy

The study proposes the use of Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and family intervention to serve as a long-term strategy to cessation. The program will involve inviting the smoker's partner and engaging in a session where an explanation will occur on the benefits of carrying out the program. For the success of this program, the subjects of these sessions must both be informed of the intent and final result, and they must also give consent to their involvement. The subjects need to be taken from a cluster of medium to heavy smokers as these are shown to be influenced dramatically by NRT, while also incorporating a family that is supportive and its members are non-smoking to increase the impact of the family member's intervention. The progress of their cessation needs recording to ensure that its viability is being recorded for future study.

Ethical Consideration

However, there are ethical issues that need consideration that may hinder the program's effectiveness. Firstly the involvement of family members in aiding the smoker to quit, could in itself cause them to feel that their free will has not been put into consideration. Secondly, when the spouse is informed that there is a higher rate of success attributed to incorporating family intervention, they may pressure the test subject to cessation, resulting in single psychological issues and manipulation that may affect the effectiveness of the program. The ethical consideration in this program should, therefore, incorporate measures to curb this, by only combining subjects who are comfortable in including their family and also be encouraged to confidentially report any uneasiness that they may feel due to underhanded spousal influence.

Goals of the Cessation Program

The program will have a short-term and long-term goal that will enable the researcher to gauge its effectiveness.

Short- Term Goal

The program's progress will be recorded to create a report that will be used to gauge how each person performed, and the effectiveness of the program in general. The short-term goal is combining two of the most effective methods in cessation, and create a more diverse and complex program that will gauge the combined efficiency when used together. The test subjects are also expected to benefit from the program in consideration of the success rate of individual methods of cessation. Additionally, the usage of Nicotine replacement therapy is known as the best cessation

Long-Term Goal

The long-term goals of the program are the publication of the results to gauge the effectiveness of the program while providing future researchers a literature review for working with in future studies. Additionally, the research will be exploring multi-factorial strategies affiliated with cessation; it will necessitate future programs aimed at examining other factors that need to be added to increase the efficiency of the program.

Barriers to the Cessation Program

There are some barriers to the success of the program, and they may need to be addressed in future studies.

Other Substance Use

In the best case scenario, the cessation program assumes that the test subjects are using only cigarettes, necessitating the usage of Nicotine replacement therapy to ease the process. However, for those that use multiple drugs, the study may not be practical as they influence the likelihood of relapse or usage of cigarettes.

Sample Size

The sample size influences the viability and effectiveness of the study, and the larger the sample size is, the more the program shows the dependent variables. The sample size in this study will be affected since the subjects have to agree to influence by family members and regular interventions by a professional. Additionally, since the program is not done in...