Annotated Bibliography on Juvenile Delinquency and the Relation to Parenting Styles

In most instances, parents are usually blamed and in extreme situations even penalized for the antisocial behaviors of their children. Though most scholarly theories assume there is a relationship between parenting styles and delinquency, it is hard to develop a clear conclusion on the magnitude of this relationship. Therefore, this study will be helpful to academic studies to proof the relationship between the parenting styles and delinquency. The study will focus on the three dimensions of parenting styles which include disciplinary strategies, nurturing and warmth communication styles, and expectations of maturity and control. Thereby parenting styles refers to the ways of raising a child which mostly entails keenness to rules and regulations, performance demand, levels of expectations and so on. Hence, the styles are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. Juvenile delinquency has been a topic of concern for over fifty years now with various theories to explain its functionality. Thereby, a juvenile delinquent is a minor who violates the rules of law, antisocial behavior, disobedient, persistent mischievous, and refutes any correction by parents. There several theories that explain the causes of delinquency among juveniles such as the classical theories who stated that delinquency is the outcome of juveniles imagination of acquiring greater gains by breaking the law than obeying them. On the other hand, psychological theories belief is that juvenile delinquency exists within every individual and all people interact with the social world.

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Research Question

The guiding research question of the study is: what is the relationship between juvenile delinquency and parenting styles.

The specific research sub-sections are:

What are the signs of delinquency?

What are parenting styles and different types of parenting styles?

What is the relationship between juvenile delinquency and parenting styles?

Hypotheses

Based on the research question: it is hypothesized parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects such as rejection and hostility have a great link to juvenile delinquency. Also, it is hypothesized that permissive and neglectful parenting styles are highly linked with delinquency. On the other hand, it is hypothesized authoritative parenting style is related to a low score of deviant behaviors whereby authoritarian parenting lies between permissive and authoritative in delinquency.

Search Strategy

To find the most relevant literature available, I conducted thorough searches of various online bibliographic database such as Science Direct, Wiley online, Sage Journals, Springer Links, and Google Scholar. General research on the topic was first conducted to identify primary literature. After obtaining results from the general searches, key search terms were generated and secondary searches conducted. The search terms were chosen based on their relevance to the topic. Although the initial searches were general, the subsequent ones focused on retrieving sources that contained information specifically related to the research topic. The research was limited to English.

The general searches included terms such as parenting styles and delinquency. Since these terms were too general and most of the results were not related to the research topic, there was a need to narrow down the search to obtain results that were more relevant to the topic. The general search terms thus yielded secondary terms which included: signs of delinquency, types of parenting styles, types of parenting styles by Diana Baumrind, the relationship between juvenile delinquency and parenting styles, juvenile delinquency and the relationship on parenting styles. Using these search terms, I was able to find relevant articles, journals, and books related to the topic on several databases.

The databases selected for obtaining sources related to the topic included Science Direct, Wiley online, Sage Journals, Springer Links, and Google Scholar. They were selected because they were multidisciplinary, provided adequate information about the source, and offered quality references. Additionally, the databases covered a wide time span with some like Google Scholar allowing one to search for a source by setting the publication date range. Finally, the search language for all the databases were in English hence all the sources obtained were in English.

Annotated Bibliography

Abraham, K. & Studaker, M. (2017). Is Your Child Engaging in Delinquent Behavior? Empowering Parents. Retrieved 3 February 2017, from https://www.empoweringparents.com/article/is-your-child-engaging-in-delinquent-behavior-4-ways-to-manage-it/#

Both authors are co-creators of programs that deal in helping families that struggle with substance abuse, The ODD Lifeline, and Life Over The Influence. Abraham has an experience for more than 25 years working with families and children, and Studaker has an experience of 15 years working as a therapist. Their article talks about causes of delinquency, ways in which parents can manage deviant behaviors and importantly the early signs of deviance. These signs will help to identify if one is becoming a delinquent. This article was obtained from Google using the search string signs of delinquency.

Bartollas, C. L., & Schmalleger, F. J. (2014). Juvenile delinquency. Prentice Hall.

This book is written by Frank Schmalleger a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of the University North Carolina and Clemens Bartollas a Professor of Criminology at the University of Northern Iowa. The book is in its ninth edition; the authors covered various aspects of delinquency such as the definition of delinquency, causes and influences, and strategies for delinquency prevention. Moreover, most importantly the book discusses the growth of delinquency across life span by following a strong sociological focus including how it starts, continues, and ends in the life of an individual. Hence, the use of strong sociological focus such as the family renders the book relevant to the topic of discussion. I found this book In Google Scholar using the search term Juvenile Delinquency and setting the publication date range from 2007 to 2017.

Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth the relationships to academic grades, delinquency, and depression. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1335-1355.

The authors assess the three dimensions of parenting that is parental control, psychological control and behavioral control among African American to measure adolescent depression, delinquency, and academic achievement. The journal a decade old and written by Roy A. Bean, Brian Barber, and Crane from Texas Technical University, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and Brigham Young University respectively focuses on parenting dimensions that were earlier on not used in the previous work to raise the issue of delinquency. The book samples out parental control, psychological control, and behavioral control as the factors of delinquency makes it relevant to the topic. I obtained this source on the Sage Journals database using the search string the relationship between juvenile delinquency and parenting styles. The source was in the Journal of family issues.

Bornstein, M. H., & Zlotnik, D. (2009). Parenting styles and their effects. The Encyclopedia of an infant and early childhood development.

The journal was written by a senior investigator and head of child and family research at the National Institute of Child and Human development- Marc H. Bornstein and-and a state legislator serving in the Massachusetts House of Representatives- Jonathan D. Zlotnik explore the works of Eleanor Maccoby, Diana Baumrind, and John Martin. They explain the four parenting styles, their manifestation in infancy through early childhood and their impact on a child temperament, academic achievement, attachment relationships and psychological development. Of significance is that the two authors look into the factors that affect parenting style a parent is likely to display such as socioeconomic status, parental education level, parental stress, and parental depression. Thus, these factors determine the behavior of the parent hence the parenting style the parent will enforce and lastly the outcome of the child. I found this source in the ScienceDirect database using search string types of parenting styles.

Duran, L. (2017). Parenting Styles and Delinquency. Child Psychology and Parenting Blog: Child-Psych.org. Retrieved 3 February 2017, from http://www.child-psych.org/2009/03/parenting-styles-and-delinquency.html

A psychologist and researcher Nestor Lopez is the author of this article. The article was published on March 16, 2009. It is a review of the Meta-analysis Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology of the relationship between parenting and delinquency by Hoeve et al. (2009). Whereby the authors established the dimensions of parental support, parenting control, psychological control, and negative support of parenting styles are the major links to juvenile delinquency. Using the search string juvenile delinquency and the relationship between parenting styles I was able to locate the article in Google.

Grobman, K. (2017). Diana Baumrind & Parenting Styles. Devpsy.org. Retrieved 3 February 2017, from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html

I found this article in Google using the search string types of parenting styles by Diana Baumrind. The author Grobman K. is a professor at the Pennsylvania State University department of psychology. In this recent article, he talks about parenting styles as observed by Diana Baumrind. Importantly, the article has the original excerpts from Diana Baumrinds work. The article is relevant since it helps in understanding the different characteristics that are portrayed in each of the parenting styles.

Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(6), 749775. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8

This source was obtained in SpringerLink database using the search string the relationship between parenting and delinquency.The Dutch authors conduct a meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscript to prove the existence of the relationship between parenting and juvenile existence. The authors established that parental control, psychological control, and negative aspects of support contribute to 11% of deviance in children. Of significance, the authors identify the level of magnitude of parental warmth and support as the main contributor to deviant behavior among children.

Juvenile delinquency. (2014, May 7). New World Encyclopedia, Retrieved 16:47, February 3, 2017, from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Juvenile_delinquency&oldid=981299.

This encyclopedia dated May 7, 2014, gives an overview of juvenile delinquency. It covers the theoretical perspectives, prevention, treatment, and most importantly its definition and specifications since they vary. I obtained the encyclopedia from Google using search string encyclopedia entry on juvenile delinquency. This article was written by contributors of the new encyclopedia and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. The article is licensed under Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0.

Steinberg, L., BlattEisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious...