Article Review Paper Example: History of Black Woman

History of black women is an article that focuses on examining the patterns of African American women in Los Angeles regarding the issue of the labor market as well as the economy. It involves examination of the main factors that affect the general economic growth of African American about the technical changes in the market. It mainly focuses on four major aspects of the labor market; factors related to African American employment, technological changes, functional changes and income changes. Regarding this examination, the African American women are assessed in comparison to the Latino women. Just like the women, the African American men have been seen to register reduction of the number in labor market due to the restructuring of the economy which has increased poverty among these people as compared to the white. The author says, "Declines in labor force participation of young African American men have been a paramount concern examined in both urban and labor market literature." Given the past decades, African American men have been few in labor market while this has been argued to have been the process of restructuring the economy. Just like the men, the women from this group have also been ignored in that they are less considered in the market than the white. In this case, the restructuring of the economy has negatively affected the African American men and women, an act that has continuously increased these people's level of poverty. Regardless of the improvement registered in the economy in the past few decades that has improved the lives of all women in general, the African American men with low education accreditations have been negatively affected. It is so since the women with qualified education levels have been given a chance to engage in the expanding of the labor market which in return has improved the workforce. "These changes in the labor market activity and characteristics of women can be related to the evolution in large-scale commodity production."

Is your time best spent reading someone else’s essay? Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER!

Order now

However, results from a recent research carried out regarding the gap between men and females shows that there is a decrease in social class inequalities and categories due to the wage difference. It indicates that the difference in wages between the whites and the blacks is merely for the farmers gain and not as racial discrimination. As a nation that is third largest in a population of African Americans, Los Angeles continues to embrace economic as well as social changes. The issue of restructuring the economy in this nation is based on examination of changes that affect the industrial sector through reviews on education and labor market. Regarding this review, researchers embrace the use of Microdata samples to find out on the performance of African American women in labor market. Furthermore, gender and race in most occupations are analyzed as niches that mostly affect Black employees. The results, however, clearly show that African-American women survive from a low level of education jobs as well as income.

In this case, with the use of statistical data, it is clear that the author is sure on how the African American women are given less attention in the labor market. However, it 's hard to see how these type of women mostly lead a miserable life yet the author at some point argues that the economy in the past few years have improved. Needless to say, it is unfair that the African American women are the ones seen to give much in the labor market yet they receive low earnings. I think the article has effectively revealed the position of African American woman in economy restructuring.

Employment Gap

Given the labor gap report, African American women continue to suffer a great deal regarding employment. The article addresses the differences that are visible in the employment act about race through relying on the analysis of the past events. For instance, the African American women continue to experience an increase in financial challenges due to marital problems and non-marital births. In this case, the labor market exits impacts negatively on the racial employment as opposed to the dynamic form. "The search for mechanisms that reproduce inequalities requires attention to varying work contexts." Regarding this, the article aims at examining whether these differences comes up through the fact that most African-American women enter employment more than the white or exit work more than the whites. The article employs the use of theories in explaining the issues about labor supply or demand. For instance, the theory of human capital that stresses on employment basing on one's skills and experience. It shows that an employee with no or little experience and expertise stands to face discrimination. The human capital theory stresses on the fact that markets should work on rewarding workers by their level of productivity. The theory implies that African American women face employment gap challenge because they lack adequate experience as well as skills, unlike the whites. "Regarding skills, white women's educational levels exceed African Americans" It reveals that in 1994 African American women who had completed high school was only 74% while the white women were more top 11%. The US Bureau of Census reveals that the white women registered a higher percentage of 21 women who had gone further to having achieved college education as compared to 13% of the African American women in 2002. Moreover, the white women performed better than the African American women in the Armed Forces Qualifying Test though the trial might have been biased about skills presentation.

Needless to say, the deficiency of race gap employment would better explain the African American entry into work if for instance; the employer only wants to high the whites only as predicted by the human capital theory. However, the theory of labor demand stresses that the employment preference of the white women may be the cause of African American refusal to engage in the employment sector. The theory further holds that these choices can be generated from stereotypes employers who would restrict the African American employees.

The article develops its examination of the employment gap through collecting data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth through the probability sample from national individuals of 14 to 21 in the year 1979. The analysis develops from 1979 to 1993 basing on Corcoran and Brownie. The determination of rates of entries is analyzed through the unemployment scale which predicts that a person may have lost a job through individual events in employment. On the other hand, the position level can be analyzed through the elimination of workers between a three month periods rests in which different transitions could have occurred within this period one was away. Additionally, the model of history event based on the data that is collected once a year is used in calculating the exit and entry factors.

However, analyzing data using past events cannot be useful in making current calculation or conclusions. The results can be biased in that different things continue to change regarding the ever changing time, and hence, the past events cannot be correct determinants of the current issues.

Educating Black Women

The Education of African American Girls and Women is an article that examines the learning of the African American women from the past to the present. Additionally, an overview of women who struggled to create the importance of girl child education is brought out from the past to the present through several publications within the article. For instance, The Journal of Negro Education that has continued to provide discussions on educating African American women since the year 1993 to the present with much analysis on the struggles that they continue to face in the fight against sexual inequalities as well as racial discrimination. In this analysis of African American attendance in higher education, the gender gap is seen to have an effect in the college selection as well as completion. Given the past years after the end of civil war, the African American people wanted to be allowed to school, a demand that was met though later on closed after segregation law was introduced. The denial of the African American education was a violation of these people's rights that are protected as per the 14th amendment. Due to this struggle to have education, several African American Women started advocating for this freedom in the late 19th century. For instance, Ann Julia Cooper who was born in the year 1858 as the eldest daughter of a Black woman slave, and Lucy Diggs Slowe. Apart from these women, several colleges; Spelman, Bennet, Barber-Scotia and Tillotson were set up by missionaries to offer Black person chances to enjoy education like the whites.

With the several women, movements and civil rights of 1960's racial and gender discrimination in several aspects like education and even employment reduced considerably. For instance, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was highly of race, gender, disabilities and even color discrimination. The law of this legislation positively affected the Africa Americans in that most of them got the chance to finish both high school and college studies. "By 2000, 72% were high school graduates, and 14.3% of the African American population had graduated from college." However, inequality and separation continued to be the primary challenge for the black students in education institutions. For instance, data collected showed how the black students were negatively treated regarding some teachers in their school, classroom size, access to technology as well as curriculum quality. Moreover, the performance of the black girls is seen to be better than that for boys, a situation which continues to be registered since the past decades to the present. Research from 2003 class data shows about 59% of the girls graduating while 48% of the black boys is attaining a diploma only. As much as the African American girls perform better than their counterparts, it is still evident that the girls are at risk of poor performance. The US department of education in 2005 shows 54%of the black girls performed badly as compared to 64% of the boys who had also shown a poor performance. As this is registered, the white students; boys and girls continue showing good performance

In this case, as much as the article is clear to indicate on the different strategies that several persons have embraced to ensure the blacks can also access education, it is still evident that there are other challenges that the black students are still facing, hence poor performance. However, the anecdotal evidence, in this case, is convincing only for the poor performance part by both the black boys and girls that leave several questions unanswered.

Black Capitalism Initiative

In the early 1960s and 1970s, Richard M Nixon felt that the Black Power movement portrayed significant threat to the internal security of the US. In return, Nixon created a black capitalism initiative which involved the Soviet Union power as well as China. In addition to Nixon's action, the article also focuses on other political matters relating to this discourse. The promises made by Nixon in the Black capitalism campaigns raised people hopes with the Movement being termed as a significant move that could lead to victory against America's racism. However, the promises did not come to pass, which raised many questions especially after the fall of the Minority Business Enterprise under the administration of Nixon. In i996, the Business Week termed the initiative as hollow (Black Capitalism has a Hollow Ring.) Since Nixon had failed to keep the campaign promises he had made regarding Black person empowerment. In testimonies relating to the incapability of Nixon, Cooper, a member of t...