Paper Example on Chimeric Antigen Receptors T-Cell Therapy

Introduction

The transition and the morphological and functional changes occurring from fertilization until the birth of an organism is a monitored process of sequential shifts. This process of development can be genetically managed, with the aim of obtaining body cells with the intended functionality - the critical process involved in the transformation of multipotent cells to individual cells, closely linked to the tissue function (June, Carl, et al. 280).

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Cancer treatment has been based on chemotherapy and surgery for many years. The advancements in immunology have given experts a greater understanding of using body's immunity for the treatment of cancer. Currently, research on cancer is underway to find ways where the immune system can be used to destroy the cancer cells. T cell therapy with receptors of chimeric antigens is a type of immunotherapy in which your T cells of the patient so that they recognize and attack cancer carrying cells.

The fundamental part of the composite immune system is the Lymphocytes. Most lymphocytes are located in the lymph nodes and other lymphatic channels, but some end up in the blood system. The main types of lymphocytes include T cells, B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells)

The experimental and clinical application of the cells has expanded the field of Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering (Peggs, Karl, et al. 1375). Adult stem cells have been discovered and characterized in multiple tissues, which has suggested its potential therapeutic application in the muscles of the host. As these cells are capable of differentiating into specific cell lines, it is possible to perform autologous implants in a clinic or by genetic bioengineering, producing proteins or drugs. No risk of immune rejection has been seen as a possibility.

T-cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is a type of immunotherapy that consists of the modification by genetic engineering of their T-cells of the patient. They are responsible for detecting and fighting cancer cells. Patient's white blood cells are removed through the process known as "Apheresis." The samples are taken to a laboratory or center production Through biotechnology, T-cells are engineered in a laboratory. The T-cells are sent to a laboratory or a drug production center where they are modified by genetic engineering, introducing DNA in them, to produce antigen receptors chimeric on its surface. Antigen receptors chimeric are proteins that allow T-cells to recognize an antigen in the target cells.

After this modification, the T cells are called "T-cells with antigen receptors chimeric." Chimeric antigen receptors are made up of the extracellular domain that binds tightly to tumor antigens derived from T-cell receptor. A simple structure of CAR T-cell therapy mechanism is shown in the figure below.

In the next phase, the cells are cultured T modified with antigen receptors chimeric to multiply. Through the cultivation of cells in the laboratory, it "expands" the amount of genetically modified T cells of the patient. When enough has been attained, these T cells with CAR are frozen and sent to the centers in which a patient receives treatment.

In general, to transplant cells from one individual to another, there is a severe impediment: the immune system. All the people we are genetically different and these differences are detected by the immune system, eliminating the cells that it considers strange. It, therefore, follows that in T-cell therapy are sought from histocompatible donors. These are people whose genes are very similar to those of the recipient of the cells. However, in the last few years it has been observed that certain types of cells can get into use without this immunological rejection that has supposedly a boom in the generation of companies dedicated to the cellular therapies, from "individual donors" without need to check histocompatibility, which allows a "manufacturing industrial "of thousands of doses of cells.

T cell therapy with antigen receptors chimeric has shown varying levels of efficiency in treating leukemia and other cancer-related conditions. Even though many patients have only reported the presence of mild side effects to moderate, this treatment is associated in some cases with severe and vital side effects clinic. Before starting any medication, it is essential to talk with the doctor about the possible effects side of it.

Most side effects caused by this can be managed with proper treatment. Possible effects caused by therapy are countered by specific strategies that include the release syndrome of cytokines, anaphylaxis neurological toxicities, lysis syndrome tumor, and B cell aplasia.

Severe Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) frequently associates with cell therapy T with chimeric antigen receptors. The cytokines occur when T cells with chimeric antigen receptors increase in number killing the cancer cells. In the therapy of T cells with chimeric antigen receptors, said T cells are activated quickly upon finding your target. At that time, several inflammatory cytokines are released. The massive amounts of cytokines that produce and releases the activated immune system provoke symptoms that vary from mild to life-threatening. This condition is called "release syndrome cytokines.

Initial results of cell therapy trials T with chimeric antigen receptors in patients with cancer of the blood have been promising. With the FDA approval of tisagenlecleucel (KymriahTM).

This therapy is an option for people with acute B-ALL that have suffered a relapse after intensive chemotherapy or a stem cell transplant, and it is recommended for the treatment of adults with enlarged B-cell lymphomas in cases of decline. Relapses after a remission produced by such therapy may be due to the following problems: the tumor cells stop express the antigen CD-19; T cells with receptors Chimeric antigens have a limited permanence, or inhibition of T cell activity occurs Chimeric antigen receptors.

Works Cited

June, Carl H., Stanley R. Riddell, and Ton N. Schumacher. "Adoptive cellular therapy: a race to the finish line." Science translational medicine 7.280 (2015): 280ps7-280ps7.

Peggs, Karl S., et al. "Adoptive cellular therapy for early cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation with virus-specific T-cell lines." The Lancet 362.9393 (2003): 1375-1377.