Annotated Bibliography on Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - Paper Example

The need for effective Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder intervention has called for scientific and medical research to ascertain the best method of treatment. Several inquiries have been carried out to examine the suitability of approaches such as therapy, medication, and counseling. The studies have focused on the percentage rate of recovery among those affected. Each method is subjected to advantages and shortcomings, which offers the baseline for more advanced interventions. In this section, we examine several publications discussing and evaluating the efficiency and reliability of different Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder treatments. Priority has been given to recent studies to enhance the level of assurance of the arguments presented in the essay.

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Tran, U. S., & Gregor, B. (2016). The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for Post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytical evaluation of randomized controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0979-2

Tran and Gregor examined the implication of focusing on the specific cognitive behaviors of patients to improve the efficiency off therapeutic approaches for a particular trauma. The meta-analysis study considered two sample populations subjected to trauma-focused and non-trauma focused therapy. The study indicated that the approach to therapy should consider the behavior of the victims when setting the nature of the therapy-based intervention. On the other hand, the study pointed the significance of including the type of trauma in the decision process when selecting the treatment. The trial that involved 1694 participants showed that the there exists a small but significant difference whenever the therapy is trauma-focused and based on the behavioral and cognitive abilities. The implication of the findings of this study indicates that the effectiveness of psychotherapy techniques is subject to the inclusion of external and internal determinants such as the behavior of patients, nature of the trauma, and the focus of the therapy process for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Kornor, H., Winje, D., Ekeberg, O., Weisaeth, L., Kirkehei, I., Johansen, K., & Steiro, A. (2008). Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1). http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-8-81

A similar study to Tran and Gregory evaluation indicated how the efficiency of a precautionary approach to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder depends on the combination of methods. Konor et al. looked at the trauma-focused and cognitive-behavioral treatment approach (TFCBT) as a collective approach to reducing the rate of diagnosis among the population with a high risk of exposure. The study was a meta-analysis literature review of the previous publication with the objective of building a correlation between the combinational approach to prevention and treatment of diagnosed patients. The primary sources of data used in the assessment included the international medical databases where information relating to the randomized trials of TFCBT within a period of three months was analyzed. The scholars concluded that the TFCBT was effective as a preventive measure as compared to supportive counseling. The results, therefore, hinted the need for a diverse approach to treatment and prevention.

Meltzer, E. C., Averbuch, T., Samet, J. H., Saitz, R., Jabbar, K., Lloyd-Travaglini, C., & Liebschutz, J. M. (2011). The discrepancy in diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Treatment for the wrong reason. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 39(2), 190201. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-011-9263-x

Meltzer et al. examined the current discrepancy associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The study focused on the patients who were diagnosed with the condition and received the recommended treatment. The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effectiveness and appropriateness of the treatment the patients received. Therefore, the quantitative study included both the primary care records and mental health assessments. The calculations of the percentage representations of those who received medication for undocumented diagnosis was determined. According to the findings, over 50% of the treated patients received mental treatments, yet the diagnosis process did not document such condition. The reason for the discrepancy was the difficulty in determining the distinction between emotional and mental instability symptoms depicted among diagnosed patients. The study, therefore, concluded that there is a need for the distinct but mutual coordination of treatment of PTSD and mental illness for the patients.

Marin, M.-F., & Milad, M. R. (2015). Neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: Stimulating the brain following exposure-based therapy. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 2(2), 6771. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-015-0042-5

Marin and Milad examined the neuromodulation techniques to enhance the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The study looked at the stimulation of the brain immediately after the exposure to therapy. In this case, the effectiveness of the PTSD treatment was examined from the perspective of combining therapies and pharmacological chemicals to enhance the mental stability and stimulation. The study was seeking to establish the effectiveness of the combined approach to improving the consolidation of memory created during the therapy sessions, which is essential in the treatment process of PTSD. The scholars used the devise-based brain stimulation to build a complete argument regarding the reliability of exposure-based therapy to enhance memory improvement among patients. The implications of the findings pointed towards the effectiveness of combined pharmacological and therapy methods for the treatment of acute PTSD.

Schwartz, L. S. (2000). A biopsychosocial treatment approach to post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(2), 221238. http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00975147

Schwartz also considered how Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder could be treated through a multidimensional approach. The study focused on the biological, social, and psychological dimensions associated with the affected persons. Since the disease affects the mental faculties and emotional orientations, the study proposed the use of the biopsychosocial approach to enhance the recovery process. According to the research, it was necessary to improve the efficiency of intervention mechanisms. The study outlined the pharmacological procedures that can be used to enhance the treatment process. The research also included the psychotherapeutic interventions, which the scholar showed should accompany the selected pharmacological interventions. The research is essential in advancing the knowledge regarding the best treatment method for PTSD. The use of a single approach is associated with several shortcomings that require additional intervention at a later stage. Therefore, the focus of the study was the use of different techniques to enhance the expected outcomes for patients at the different level of trauma, which is in line with the objective of the anticipated paper.

Rumyantseva, G. M., & Stepanov, A. L. (2011). The clinical picture of post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in different types of traumatic exposures. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 41(2), 165170. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-011-9395-8

Rumyantseva and Stepanov examined the implication of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder treatment for different traumatic experiences. The study used two distinct sample population where one group involved the combat stress while the other represented the Chernobyl nuclear power station victims. The two groups represented different sources of trauma, which was necessary for the combined intervention piloting. The scholars evaluated the response to intervention for the selected 30 combatants and 33 subordinate staff. The center of the investigation was to ascertain the effectiveness of focusing treatment on specific trauma causes as well as using diverse approaches to enhance treatment response and outcomes. The study concluded that the treatment process should include the pathological advances at the initial stage, where diagnostic techniques are involved. The phenomenological differences must be incorporated to ensure that the intervention is specific to the diagnosed trauma. A succinct understanding of the variabilities was noted to be significant in setting the baseline on the medication decisions. Finally, the scholars recommended the crowning of the treatment with appropriate psychotherapy and medication interventions, which will determine whether the patient is referred to rehabilitation or social support. Therefore, the publication informs the efficiency of multidimensional treatment recommendation about the topic chosen.

Marshall, R. D., & Cloitre, M. (2000). Maximizing treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder by combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy. Current Psychiatry Reports, 2(4), 335340. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-000-0078-3

Marshall and Cloitre evaluated how the treatment process for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder could be maximized through the combination of therapy. The study considered how the use of one method was associated residual symptoms, which indicated the need for a comprehensive intervention measure. According to the study, the use of psychosocial and pharmacological methods does not guarantee efficient outcome among patients; however, when those who have PTSD are subjected to phase-oriented treatment involving the use of pharmacotherapy followed by a trauma-focused psychotherapy showed important difference o single treatment method. The findings of the research revealed that the management of the condition is subject to the nature of recovery intervention that will eliminate not only the primary symptoms but also the residual indicators of incomplete recovery. By presenting the rationale of the choice of combined treatment for acute PTSD, the study is informative in line with the need for efficient and technology-based treatment for the psychosocial condition.

Gospodarevskaya, E., & Segal, L. (2012). Cost-utility analysis of different treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 15. http://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-15

Gospodarevskaya and Segal researched a cost-utility analysis associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The scholars examined a sample of sexually abused children where they compared the cost effect of cognitive behavioral therapy and the non-directive counseling approaches. The study used a modeling evaluation technique to determine the level of incremental cost associated with each method. The goal of the inquiry was to determine the scheme that was cost-effective but linked to positive outcomes. The first phase of the study included a decision tree follow-up for 12 months followed by a Markov Model approach where the long-term and quality-adjusted measures associated with survival and cost were included. The study found out that the use of pharmacotherapy had a significant difference in both the outcome and the cost of treatment. Therefore, the results of this research hinted the elimination of incremental cost whenever a combined approach is given to PTSD treatment.

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