Paper Example on Ecology, Evolution, and Development

Introduction

Development is the process by which plants and animals evolve and grow. It's also the series of changes under which plants and organisms undergo in the stages from embryo state to maturity. In development, we find the study of the genetic cell growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation giving the procedure on how tissues, anatomy, and organs grow. Natural selection is the mechanism under which species possesses genetic adaptations to the environment. This mechanism acts differently in development (Hagan et al., 2010). It acts through individuals determining individuals that have a favorable adaptation for successful reproduction. Natural selection leads to development changes when individuals with certain behaviors have a greater reproduction rate than other individuals in population passing on their characteristics to their offspring genetically. The mechanism also determines whether a given individual will service and reproduce.

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Natural selection has principles which affect development. The principles include Variation, different reproduction and survival, high population rate and also inheritance (Mayr, 1982). Inheritance is where genes of given characters are passed from individual to the offspring during evolution. This principle determines the characteristics which would be owned by different offspring from different individuals during evolution (Pace, 1998). Different reproduction and survival are whereby the selection determines the individuals who are able to survive after every reproduction. Variation outlines the differences between individual organisms or cells caused by either environmental factors or genetic differences on the pressing out of genetic capability. Natural selection determines the rate of population reproduction through prediction of species which will be reproduced as per the data of the surviving individuals.

Generally, natural selection plays a great role in development since all the development stages are studied in the natural selection mechanism. It gives clear and deeper elaborations on how the growth of every individual takes place and also the genetic transfer from the parent species to the offspring. Evaluation of survival for the individuals is also done through this mechanism hence playing the greatest role in the evolution of any species.

Development produces identical outcomes in every generation regardless of the face of ecological perturbation (Farooqi et al., 2000). This happens through a process known as mitosis whereby there is the production of daughter cells which are identical genetically to the parent. The cell reproduces its chromosomes and then breaks the identical chromosomes equally to ensure that the daughter cells have a full set each. Due to the reproduction of identical daughter cells through mitosis, the chromosomes owned are of the same number as their parent cell (Darwin, 2006). The two daughter cell are identical through two ways which are meiosis and mitosis. Meiosis results in four sex cells while mitosis results into two identical daughter cells. The two daughter cells reduce the number of twenty-three chromosomes from pair to twenty-three single chromosomes. This is because the cell reproduces itself but splits the twenty chromosomes to ensure the daughter cells have one copy of the chromosomes each. After that division, the daughter cells divide themselves into four chromosomes.

Through this process, development produces an identical outcome after every reproduction since the cell reproduces itself. This is through reduction of cells from being pair to single hence making it simple for identical reproduction (Mayr, 1982). The four chromosomes produced also produce identical offspring since in the process of development and reproduction there is no chromosome crossover hence giving out an identical outcome or offspring.

Mode of transmission is the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring. The modes are classified in different categories which include whether the gene is an x-linked or autosomal, dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Some example which falls under those categories is, Autosomal dominant inheritance and autosomal recessive inheritance-linked recessive inheritance and x-linked dominant inheritance (Pace, 1998). This kind of inheritance does not require to be inherited through gene transfer from parent to offspring. In autosomal recessive inheritance the parent is a gene carrier hence not affected but the offspring gets affected. If a carrier parent gets pregnant one amongst the four chromosomes gets an inheritance of the disease allele hence having the phenotype. One in two inherits one type of disease allele hence being a carrier like a parent and then one in four chances that the offspring fails to inherit any of the genes hence not getting affected. A dormant gene is UN effective gene is the body of the species. The genesis said to be turned off. This gene is not easily noticeable within the body hence having no impact in offspring trait. A recessive gene is an active gene in the body hence factorizing to disease transmission to the offspring. In this case, the number of female affected is equal to the number of males affected.

Autosomal recessive diseases are seen openly since they are inherited from ancestors since it is related by blood (Darwin, 2006).In x-linked dominant inheritance, only one couple so required for transmission of the disease allele from the chromosomes. In this case, both female and male can be affected by the probability of male to be affected is more than for a female to be affected. In x- linked recessive inheritance the only female can be affected with the chromosome disease allele.

The organism is a single being or individual with different parts. The organism cannot do without the parts the same as the parts can't do without the individual. Some organisms are multicellular while others are simple. There has been scientific research that informs points of discussion 1-3. There are some organisms which have brought about thus discussion .some of the examples include the last universal common ancestor (L.U.C.A), RNA, Amino acid and also Ribonucleic acid (R.N.A). Last universal common ancestor is believed to be a single cell comprising a few hundred genes which are the ancestor of all livings things under the sun. The gene has a complete blueprint for reproduction of R.N.A transcription, protein synthesis and also DNA. It's believed to have been risen from boiling chemical which was formed after the creation of planets on earth about 4.6 billion years ago. R.N.A is an outcome of reaction between nucleotides and amino acid that brought about protein co-creation. Amin acyl t R.N.A translates generic codes. The organisms have two ends whereby one end reads the genetic blueprint while the other carries amino acid. The amino acid is an organic compound that has carboxyl functional groups and amine with a side chain which specify to each amino acid. Amino acid comprises of important elements of which are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

There are different points of discussion in the research done about organisms. Some of the discussion points were the Evolution of the organism, the role of the organism.in development and also ways of gene inheritance of the organism (Hagan et al., 2010)

Through the research did it was mostly discussed about each and every individual evolution. How the organism came to existence and also how it developed. There was also the discussion about the chromosomes with the organism and also the nature of the organism. The third discussion point was about the organism's genetic inheritance to the offspring (West-Eberhard, 2000). There were some of the points of discussion in the research done by different people about development and organism identity. They investigated how the organisms evolve whereby they gave deeper explanations on how genes are transferred from parent to offspring (SOBER & WILSON, 2011). They discussed how chromosomes split to a different number of cells whereby the parent individual owns four daughter cell and the duplicate given as offspring have two daughter cell. The role of organism reproduction is also discussed greatly whereby it deeply elaborates how mitosis takes place in identical reproduction of offspring.

Since we have seen how natural selection acts of development which is through different ways and principles one of them being a reproduction, and from reproduction is where we get the process of development.so the natural section determines how the organism survives as it goes through the process of development (Davies & Tilghman, 1991). Also, Natural selection leads to development changes when individuals with certain behaviors have greater reproduction rate than other individuals in population passing on their characteristics to their offspring or next generations genetically (SOBER & WILSON, 2011). From development, we can see that organisms get to reproduce other organisms and it's in this process that the principle of inheritance comes in. now this Inheritance allows organisms to have similar or nearly similar characteristics and identity.

Due to that same principle of natural selection on reproduction, each generation has an output which resembles the previous one even with several factors like ecological perturbation where the environment changes according to the choice of habitat survival from the organism (Farooqi et al., 2000). This is caused by natural selection in which it chooses the survival environment of an organism. So even if the organism lives in a different survival environment, due to inheritance it will still possess almost the same characteristics as the last generation.

The non-genetic modes of transmission are always in different categories which include, the gene is an x-linked or autosomal, dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance (Pinto et al., 2016) Some example e which fall under those categories are, Autosomal dominant inheritance and autosomal recessive inheritance-linked recessive inheritance and x-linked dominant inheritance

Autosomal recessive diseases are inherited from parent generation related by blood. Also In x-linked dominant inheritance, only one couple is involved in the transmission of the disease allele from the chromosomes (Lu et al., 2017). In this case, both female and male can be affected by the probability of male to be affected is more than for a female to be affected. In x- linked recessive inheritance the only female can be affected with the chromosome disease allele.

So in epigenetics, the dominant genes in an organism one of the offspring four chromosomes carry the dominant genes and the other two are carriers of the alleles, and one is not completely a carrier. On the other hand in recessive inheritance, all of the four chromosomes must have the dominant genes (Darwin, 2006). This relates well that through reproduction we get the inheritance of genes from the parent generation to the offspring generation. This is how the recessive and dominant inheritance takes action (Farooqi et al., 2000). From these arguments and discussion, we see that epigenetics always depends on inheritance, a principle of Natural selection which affects reproduction and development of organisms.

References

Darwin, C. (2006). The origin of species by means of natural selection. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Davies, K., & Tilghman, S. (1991). Genes and phenotypes. Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. :

Farooqi, I. S., Yeo, G. S., Keogh, J. M., Aminian, S., Jebb, S. A., Butler, G., & O'Rahilly, S. (2000). Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency. The Journal of clinical investigation, 106(2), 271-279.

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